La matrona y el Seguro de Maternidad durante la Segunda República (1931-1936) / The midwives and the Maternity Insurance during the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1936)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el importante papel que la matrona tuvo en la puesta en marcha y evolución posterior del Seguro de Maternidad durante la Segunda República y que ha sido ignorado por otros estudios.Metodología: Investigación histórica que emplea como fuentes primarias toda la documentación producida por el Instituto Nacional de Previsión, así como la obtenida en diferentes archivos nacionales.Resultados: El Seguro de Maternidad confirió gran protagonismo a la matrona en el seguimiento del embarazo y la atención al parto y al posparto de las mujeres trabajadoras. Al menos 2.223 matronas colaboraron con el Seguro durante los 9 primeros trimestres de funcionamiento de éste.Conclusiones: El Seguro de Maternidad no se limitó a la mejora de la salud materna mediante el control del embarazo y la asistencia profesional al parto y al posparto, sino que también se ocupó de las enfermedades del bebé durante los 6 primeros meses de vida. Su puesta en marcha supuso una importante fuente de oportunidades de trabajo y de ingresos para las matronas durante la Segunda República. También influyó en la progresiva institucionalización del parto que tuvo lugar durante el siglo xx. Esta integración en estructuras hospitalarias, fuertemente jerarquizadas, contribuyó a la progresiva subordinación de la matrona a la figura del médico en la atención al parto normal. (AU)

The aim of this report is to examine the important role played by midwives in the beginning and subsequent evolution of Maternity Insurance during the Spanish Second Republic that has been forgotten by other studies.Methodology: Historical research which uses primary sources such as all of the documentation produced by the Instituto Nacional de Previsión and other files obtained from various national archives.Results: Maternity Insurance granted a prominent role to midwives in prenatal care, delivery care and postnatal care of women workers. It’s estimated that at least 2,223 midwives collaborated with the Insurance program during the first 9 trimesters of its functioning.Conclusions: Maternity Insurance wasn’t limited to the improvement of the mothers’ health by monitoring them throughout pregnancy and by providing professional attendance at birth and postpartum care, but it also provided newborn care for the infants’ first 6 months of life. The beginning of the program opened up an important source of work opportunities and an increase of wages for midwives during the Second Republic. It also influenced in the progressive institutionalization of childbirth during the 20th century. The integration in the hospital structure, which was strongly hierarchic, contributed to the progressive sub- ordination of the midwife under the doctor during normal birth. (AU)

Women Garment Workers Face Huge Inequities in Global Supply Chain Factories Made Worse by COVID-19.

Women make up the large majority of workers in global supply chains, especially factories in the apparel supply chain. These workers face significant inequalities in wages, workplace hazards, and a special burden of gender-based violence and harassment. These "normal" conditions have been compounded by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacerbated long-standing structural inequities. Decades of well-financed "corporate social responsibility" programs have failed because they do not address the underlying causes of illegal and abusive working conditions. New initiatives in the past half-decade offer promise in putting the needs and rights of workers front and center. Occupational health and safety professionals can assist in the global effort to improve working and social conditions, and respect for the rights and dignity of women workers, through advocacy and action on the job, in their professional associations, and in society at large.

Changing prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation in Ethiopia: Data from the 2000, 2005 and 2016 national demographic health surveys.

SETTING: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional surgical modification of the female genitalia comprising all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons. It can be harmful and violates girls' and women's human rights. FGM is a worldwide problem but mainly practiced in Africa. FGM is still widely practiced in Ethiopia despite being made a criminal offence in 2004. OBJECTIVE: Using data from three Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2016 the objective was to assess changes in prevalence of FGM and associated factors among women of reproductive age and their daughters. METHODS: EDHS datasets for the three surveys included data on FGM prevalence and socio-demographic factors. After weighting, the data were analysed using frequencies, proportions and the chi square test for trend. Categorical variables associated with FGM in 2016 were compared using OpenEpi and presented as prevalence ratios (Pr) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Levels of significance were set at 5% (P<0.05). RESULTS: There was overall decline in FGM prevalence (from 79.9% to 74.3% to 65.2%, P<0.001), especially in younger women aged 15-19 years, and in the proportion of women who believed that the practice should continue (from 59.7% to 28.3% to 17.5%, P<0.001). There was also a decreasing trend of FGM in the daughters of the mothers who were interviewed, with prevalence significantly lower in mothers who had not themselves undergone FGM. Most (88.3%) women with FGM had the surgery as a child with the procedure mainly performed by a traditional circumciser (87.3%). Factors associated with higher FGM prevalence and lack of progress over the sixteen years included living in certain regions, especially Somali where FGM prevalence remained consistently >95%, lack of school education, coming from rural areas and living in less wealthy households. CONCLUSION: Although progress has been slow, the prevalence of FGM in Ethiopia has declined over time. Recommendations to quicken the trajectory of decline targeting integrated interventions to high prevalence areas focusing on mothers, fathers, youngsters, religious leaders and schools and ensuring that all girls receive some form of education.

Identifying Barriers to Career Progression for Women in Science: Is COVID-19 Creating New Challenges?

This article summarizes discussions at a Gender Equity Workshop run during the Molecular Approaches to Malaria Conference in February 2020. Barriers to career progression in science for women and minority groups, along with suggestions to overcome ongoing roadblocks, are discussed. The emerging challenges that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is bringing to this sector are also considered.

Intimate partner violence against women in Pakistan: a review of qualitative research.

OBJECTIVE: To consolidate research data and provide an insight into areas that need further research regarding intimate partner violence. METHODS: The review targeted qualitative research-based studies done in the English language and conducted in Pakistan from 2008 to 2018 regarding intimate partner violence against women. A thorough search of Google Scholar and PubMed databases was done. Data from each selected article was extracted using a data-extraction template. RESULTS: Of the 2,479 results, 21(0.8%) articles were selected along with 4(0.16%) texts from grey literature. An in-depth analysis led to six broad categories: experiences/perspectives of married women facing intimate partner violence; perspectives of married men towards intimate partner violence; perspectives of religious leaders who support the idea of men controlling their wives; societal norms, such as dowry, patriarchy and daughters being considered a burden; impact on women and family as damage to the women's physical and mental health affects not only her but also the society as a whole; and coping strategies used by most women. CONCLUSIONS: The review helps in understanding the common trends and situation of Pakistani women who are exposed to violence, the common limitations faced by researches, and areas which require further research to prevent intimate partner violence.

Women in immunology: 2020 and beyond.

Women have been at the forefront of tremendous achievements in immunology in the past decade. However, disparities still exist, limiting upward potential and further advancements. As four NIH intramural women scientists who care deeply about scientific progress and the progress of women in our field, we review ongoing challenges and discuss potential approaches to help advance the promotion of women in the sciences.

Women attaining decent work: The important role of workplace climate in Psychology of Working Theory.

Grounded in Psychology of Working Theory (PWT), the current study investigated predictors of decent work among a sample of employed women (N = 528). A structural equation model was examined finding that women's experiences of marginalization, work volition, and career adaptability all directly predicted the attainment of decent work, and economic constraints and marginalization experiences indirectly predicted decent work via work volition. Additionally, workplace climate for women employees was examined as both a predictor and moderator variable to explore best positioning of this additive construct. Workplace climate did not significantly moderate any model paths; however, it was a unique predictor of work volition and decent work, suggesting that this construct may be better positioned as a predictor variable in understanding the work experiences of women. These results highlight the importance of further investigating the role of workplace climate in PWT as well as the need for refining our understanding of how marginalized employees achieve decent work. Implications of the present study's results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Re-conceptualising gender and power relations for sexual and reproductive health: contrasting narratives of tradition, unity, and rights.

Sexual and reproductive health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa will be most effective if grounded in emic (insider) perspectives of gender and power in intimate relationships. We conducted eight focus group discussions with 62 young adults in Malawi to explore conceptions of gender and power relations and areas of tension between different perspectives. We framed our enquiry according to the three social structures of the Theory of Gender and Power: the sexual division of labour, the sexual division of power, and social norms and affective attachments around femininity and masculinity. Young adults drew on interrelated and competing narratives to describe the state of gender relations, which we named tradition, unity, and rights. Participants used tradition narratives most frequently to describe patriarchal gender roles, norms and ideals. Some participants challenged this predominant discourse using unity and rights narratives. Unity narratives illustrated how love and couple reciprocity were essential sources of 'power with' as opposed to 'power over'. Rights narratives were more contested than other narratives, with some participants acknowledging that women's rights were important to the family's survival and others viewing women's rights as problematic for gender relations. Gender-responsive interventions should consider the tensions and intersections between multiple narratives on gender and power, including unity as a gender-equitable form of power.

Gender, age, and political legitimacy: Activist (in)visibility in broadcast news, 1970-2012.

We assess whether media professionals construct stories in ways that enhance or diminish women's legitimacy as agents of change. Our analysis of 269 broadcast news stories sampled between 1970 and 2012 examines depictions of activists in five social movements-Women's Rights, Gay Rights, Immigrant Rights, Occupy Wall Street, and Tea Party-at the intersection of gender, age, and race. We find that broadcast news coverage diminishes the legitimacy of women and older activists and activists of color by underrepresenting them, presenting opponents' claims at higher rates, and reinforcing dominant cultural narratives about political authority.

El derecho al aborto en la formación psi: Tensiones, demandas y desafíos

Desde la Cátedra Libre por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, espacio conformado en 2016, se presentan aportes al debate sobre el aborto legal en el campo de la formación "psi". Los diferentes capítulos de esta obra surgen de las discusiones y producciones de distintas actividades (jornadas, talleres, seminarios, etc.). El libro se compone de tres partes: la primera presenta una genealogización de la demanda por el derecho al aborto y los debates en el campo de la psicología a partir de referentes como Graciela Zaldúa, Nina Brugo, Martha Rosenberg, Débora Tajer y Elsa Schvartzman. En la segunda parte se desarrollan dos trabajos: uno analiza el tratamiento del aborto en la formación de grado y otro, las prácticas de interrupción legal del embarazo desde los equipos de salud en el primer nivel de atención. El último apartado presenta la síntesis de producciones de fin de grado de estudiantes de Psicología acerca del tema del aborto. (AU)

Saúde e empoderamento das mulheres: estudo de caso do Programa Mais Médicos em municípios com presença de médicos cubanos / Women's health and empowerment: a case study of the More Doctors Program in municipalities with Cuban physicians / Salud y empoderamiento de las mujeres: estudio de caso del programa Mais Médicos en municipios con presencia de médicos cubanos

Objetivo. Descrever as representações de ser mulher das usuárias do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM), com perspectiva de gênero e raça, e as mudanças que o PMM trouxe quanto ao empoderamento e cuidado da saúde. Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso descritivo, de corte transversal. O trabalho de campo foi realizado mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicação de uma técnica evocativa de associação de palavras e grupos focais em municípios com médicos cubanos, com amostras de tipo nominal para escolha dos municípios e de tipo intencional para a escolha de participantes. O tamanho das amostras foi definido em campo com base na técnica da saturação teórica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo e análise prototípica. Resultados. A cobertura da atenção básica foi fortalecida com os aportes do programa, segundo os quatro gestores entrevistados. As mulheres (103 na técnica evocativa e 120 nos grupos focais) relataram mudanças no modelo de atendimento, que se tornou mais humanizado, com impacto sobre sua percepção sobre os serviços de saúde, sobre a consulta médica, sobre os médicos e sobre a imagem de si mesmas e, em menor medida, sobre as práticas de cuidado da saúde. Conclusões. O PMM trouxe ganhos no empoderamento individual das mulheres, com reflexos potencialmente positivos para os comportamentos em saúde.(AU)

Objective. To describe the representations of being a woman by users of the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos, PMM) in Brazil, exploring the perspectives of gender and race, and the changes produced by PMM in terms of empowerment and health care. Methods. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The field work was performed using semi-structured interviews, with application of an evocative word technique and focal groups in municipalities with Cuban physicians, with nominal selection of municipalities and intentional selection of participants. The size of the sample was defined in the field based on saturation. The data were analyzed by content and prototypical analyses. Results. Primary health care coverage was strengthened by the PMM, according to the four municipal health secretaries interviewed. Participants (103 in the evocative technique and 120 from focal groups) reported changes in the model of care, which became more humanized, with impact on their perception of health care services, medical consultations, and physicians, on the image they had of themselves and, to a lesser extent, on their health care practices. Conclusions. PMM produced individual empowerment gains for study participants, with potentially positive impacts on health care behaviors.(AU)

Objetivo. Describir las representaciones de la condición de ser mujer hechas por las usuarias del programa Mais Médicos, con una perspectiva de género y raza, y los cambios producidos por este programa en materia de empoderamiento y cuidado de la salud. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio de caso descriptivo y transversal. El trabajo de campo se realizó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, con aplicación de una técnica evocadora de asociación de palabras y grupos focales en municipios con presencia de médicos cubanos, con muestras de tipo nominal para la selección de los municipios y de tipo intencional para la selección de las participantes. El tamaño de las muestras se definió sobre el terreno con base en la técnica de la saturación teórica. Los datos se sometieron a análisis prototípico y de contenido. Resultados. Los aportes del programa fortalecieron la cobertura de la atención básica, según lo expresado por los cuatro gestores entrevistados. Las mujeres (103 de las entrevistadas con la técnica evocadora y 120 de los grupos focales) relataron cambios en los modelos de atención que hicieron que la atención se torne más humanizada y que incidieron en su percepción de los servicios de salud, las consultas médicas, los médicos, la imagen de sí mismas y, en menor grado, las prácticas de cuidado de la salud. Conclusiones. El programa Mais Médicos implicó adelantos en materia de empoderamiento individual de las mujeres, con repercusiones potencialmente favorables en los patrones de comportamiento relacionados con la salud.(AU)

The Political, Research, Programmatic, and Social Responses to Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the 25 Years Since the International Conference on Population and Development.

Among the ground-breaking achievements of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was its call to place adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) on global health and development agendas. This article reviews progress made in low- and middle-income countries in the 25 years since the ICPD in six areas central to ASRH-adolescent pregnancy, HIV, child marriage, violence against women and girls, female genital mutilation, and menstrual hygiene and health. It also examines the ICPD's contribution to the progress made. The article presents epidemiologic levels and trends; political, research, programmatic and social responses; and factors that helped or hindered progress. To do so, it draws on research evidence and programmatic experience and the expertise and experiences of a wide number of individuals, including youth leaders, in numerous countries and organizations. Overall, looking across the six health topics over a 25-year trajectory, there has been great progress at the global and regional levels in putting adolescent health, and especially adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, higher on the agenda, raising investment in this area, building the epidemiologic and evidence-base, and setting norms to guide investment and action. At the national level, too, there has been progress in formulating laws and policies, developing strategies and programs and executing them, and engaging communities and societies in moving the agenda forward. Still, progress has been uneven across issues and geography. Furthermore, it has raced ahead sometimes and has stalled at others. The ICPD's Plan of Action contributed to the progress made in ASRH not just because of its bold call in 1994 but also because it provided a springboard for advocacy, investment, action, and research that remains important to this day.

Advancing Theory, Methods, and Dissemination in Sexual Violence Research to Build a More Equitable Future: An Intersectional, Community-Engaged Approach.

Sexual violence is a devastating trauma with long-lasting effects on survivors' health and well-being. Despite the substantial impacts of the last 25 years of research, the prevalence of sexual violence has remained stable. It will be necessary to reconceptualize our work, challenging our theories, methods, and strategies for dissemination and implementation moving forward. We outline an intersectional, community-engaged approach for sexual violence research to center the stories of survivors who face systemic oppression and inequity. Finally, we suggest applications of this approach for justice, healing, and prevention to inform our collective work to end sexual violence.

Women Rising.

Nursing needs to be in the forefront of women's rights.